leukocytter-stix (LH Indholdsside)

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      <HtmlField Name="PageContent"><![CDATA[<h2>Resum&eacute;</h2>
<ul>
    <li>Normalt indeholder urin ikke leukocytter</li>
    <li>Urinstix for leukocytter er en hurtig, semikvantitativ screeningstest for sygdomme i urinvejene (f.eks. infektion nyrer, urinleder og bl&aelig;re, inflammation i nyrerne, sten i urinveje, cancer mv.)</li>
    <li>Korrekt pr&oslash;vetagning er vigtig, og det er vigtigt at undg&aring; kontamination fra f.eks. vaginal sekret</li>
</ul>
<h2>Definition</h2>
<ul>
    <li>Unders&oslash;gelsen bruges prim&aelig;rt ved mistanke om infektion/inflammation i nyre- og urinveje eller som ren screening for sygdomme i urinvejene<a href=" " title="Lyngbye J, Kjær A, Ladefoged SA, Nissen PH. Lyngbyes laboratoriemedicin. 2. udg. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck A/S; 2010" data-url="reference-link" data-value="Lyngbye J, Kjær A, Ladefoged SA, Nissen PH. Lyngbyes laboratoriemedicin. 2. udg.. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck A/S; 2010" data-type="book-reference" data-value-piped="Lyngbye J, Kjær A, Ladefoged SA, Nissen PH|Lyngbyes laboratoriemedicin. 2. udg.|København|Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck A/S|2010">1</a>&nbsp;</li>
    <li>Unders&oslash;gelsen er en hurtig screeningsmetode til at unders&oslash;ge koncentrationen (antallet) af leukocytter i urinen. Det er vigtigt at kende fejlkilder ved vurdering af et resultat&nbsp;</li>
    <li>Urinstix er den mest p&aring;lidelige screening for UVI, mens kliniske symptomer ikke bidrager til diagnosen<a href=" " data-type="journal-reference" data-value="Medina-Bombardó D, Jover-Palmer A, Does clinical examination aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in women? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Fam Pract 2011;12: 111" data-value-piped="Medina-Bombardó D, Jover-Palmer A|Does clinical examination aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in women? A systematic review and meta-analysis.|BMC Fam Pract|2011|12|111|21985418" data-url="reference-link" data-pubmedid="21985418" title="Medina-Bombardó D, Jover-Palmer A, Does clinical examination aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in women? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Fam Pract 2011;12: 111">2</a></li>
    <li>Koncentrationen (antallet) af leukocytter i urin, estimeret med en kvalitativ eller semikvantitativ stix-metode </li>
    <li>De anvendte stix p&aring;viser eller kvantiserer esteraser, som frig&oslash;res fra neutrofile leukocytter (granulocytter) i urinen</li>
</ul>
<h3>Forskellige stix</h3>
<ul>
    <li>Der findes flere forskellige m&aelig;rker af urinstix p&aring; markedet </li>
    <li>De er ikke ens med hensyn til hvilke koncentrationer af esterase, der giver et "positivt udslag", eller med hensyn til hvordan skalaerne (trinv&aelig;rdierne) for semikvantitative m&aring;linger er konstruerede </li>
</ul>
<h3>Apparater til afl&aelig;sning af urinstix</h3>
<ul>
    <li>De firmaer der producerer stix s&aelig;lger (ofte) ogs&aring; sm&aring; apparater, der kan afl&aelig;se deres stix og printe en papirstrimmel med resultaterne, eller kan sende resultaterne videre til praksis/hospitals IT systemer, s&aring; data automatisk lagres</li>
    <li>Kvaliteten (p&aring;lideligheden) af resultaterne er&nbsp;bedre end&nbsp;ved simpel visuel afl&aelig;sning&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h2>Indikationer<a href="EditorPage.aspx?da=core&amp;id=%7B8BFF0DBF-A5E8-4C25-8321-768F92FC886B%7D&amp;ed=FIELD1670533461&amp;vs&amp;la=da&amp;fld=%7B850D32D3-55A1-49E4-9CDF-F0C88D91563C%7D&amp;so=%2Fsitecore%2Fsystem%2FSettings%2FHtml%20Editor%20Profiles%2FRich%20Text%20LHPH&amp;di=0&amp;hdl=H1670534992&amp;mo&amp;pe=0&amp;fbd=1" data-type="journal-reference" data-value="Long B, Koyfman A, The Emergency Department Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2018;36: 685-710" data-value-piped="Long B, Koyfman A|The Emergency Department Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection.|Emerg Med Clin North Am|2018|36|685-710|30296999" data-url="reference-link" data-pubmedid="30296999" title="Long B, Koyfman A, The Emergency Department Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2018;36: 685-710">3</a><sup>,</sup><a href="EditorPage.aspx?da=core&amp;id=%7B8BFF0DBF-A5E8-4C25-8321-768F92FC886B%7D&amp;ed=FIELD1885202341&amp;vs&amp;la=da&amp;fld=%7B850D32D3-55A1-49E4-9CDF-F0C88D91563C%7D&amp;so=%2Fsitecore%2Fsystem%2FSettings%2FHtml%20Editor%20Profiles%2FRich%20Text%20LHPH&amp;di=0&amp;hdl=H1885202396&amp;us=sitecore%5Clefr&amp;mo&amp;pe=0&amp;fbd=1" data-type="journal-reference" data-value="Medina-Bombardó D, Jover-Palmer A, Does clinical examination aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in women? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Fam Pract 2011;12: 111" data-value-piped="Medina-Bombardó D, Jover-Palmer A|Does clinical examination aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in women? A systematic review and meta-analysis.|BMC Fam Pract|2011|12|111|21985418" data-url="reference-link" data-pubmedid="21985418" title="Medina-Bombardó D, Jover-Palmer A, Does clinical examination aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in women? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Fam Pract 2011;12: 111">2</a></h2>
<ul>
    <li>Mistanke om urinvejsinfektion</li>
</ul>
<h2>Fortolkninger<a href="EditorPage.aspx?da=core&amp;id=%7B8BFF0DBF-A5E8-4C25-8321-768F92FC886B%7D&amp;ed=FIELD1670533461&amp;vs&amp;la=da&amp;fld=%7B850D32D3-55A1-49E4-9CDF-F0C88D91563C%7D&amp;so=%2Fsitecore%2Fsystem%2FSettings%2FHtml%20Editor%20Profiles%2FRich%20Text%20LHPH&amp;di=0&amp;hdl=H1670534992&amp;mo&amp;pe=0&amp;fbd=1" data-type="book-reference" data-value="Lyngbye J, Kjær A, Ladefoged SA, Nissen PH. Lyngbyes laboratoriemedicin. 2. udg.. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck A/S; 2010" data-value-piped="Lyngbye J, Kjær A, Ladefoged SA, Nissen PH|Lyngbyes laboratoriemedicin. 2. udg.|København|Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck A/S|2010" data-url="reference-link" title="Lyngbye J, Kjær A, Ladefoged SA, Nissen PH. Lyngbyes laboratoriemedicin. 2. udg.. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck A/S; 2010">1</a><sup>,</sup><a href="%20" title="Thomas L (red.). Clinical laboratory diagnostics. Use and assessment of clinical laboratory results. Frankfurt am Main: TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft mbH; 1998" data-url="reference-link" data-value="Thomas L (red.). Clinical laboratory diagnostics. Use and assessment of clinical laboratory results. Frankfurt am Main: TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft mbH; 1998" data-type="book-reference" data-value-piped="Thomas L (red.)|Clinical laboratory diagnostics. Use and assessment of clinical laboratory results|Frankfurt am Main|TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|1998">4</a><sup>,</sup><a href="EditorPage.aspx?da=core&amp;id=%7B8BFF0DBF-A5E8-4C25-8321-768F92FC886B%7D&amp;ed=FIELD1670533461&amp;vs&amp;la=da&amp;fld=%7B850D32D3-55A1-49E4-9CDF-F0C88D91563C%7D&amp;so=%2Fsitecore%2Fsystem%2FSettings%2FHtml%20Editor%20Profiles%2FRich%20Text%20LHPH&amp;di=0&amp;hdl=H1670534992&amp;mo&amp;pe=0&amp;fbd=1" data-type="journal-reference" data-value="Chung Y, Ko DH, Hyun J, Kim HS, Park MJ, Shin DH, Establishing cut-offs for urine erythrocyte and leukocyte dipstick tests. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2018;78: 301-304" data-value-piped="Chung Y, Ko DH, Hyun J, Kim HS, Park MJ, Shin DH|Establishing cut-offs for urine erythrocyte and leukocyte dipstick tests.|Scand J Clin Lab Invest|2018|78|301-304|29667904" data-url="reference-link" data-pubmedid="29667904" title="Chung Y, Ko DH, Hyun J, Kim HS, Park MJ, Shin DH, Establishing cut-offs for urine erythrocyte and leukocyte dipstick tests. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2018;78: 301-304">5</a></h2>
<ul>
    <li>Analysen er positiv hos 80-90 % af patienter med urinvejsinfektion, uanset hvor i urinvejene infektionen er lokaliseret, uanset hvilke mikroorganismer der er involveret (ogs&aring; bakterier som kan v&aelig;re sv&aelig;re at dyrke som fx tuberkulose), og uanset om infektionen er akut eller kronisk</li>
    <li>Analysen er ogs&aring; positiv ved ikke-infekti&oslash;se inflammatoriske tilstande, herunder f.eks. ved nyresten eller tumorer i nyrer og urinveje</li>
    <li>Den pr&aelig;diktive v&aelig;rdi af en negativ test er ret h&oslash;j, mens den pr&aelig;diktive v&aelig;rdi af en positiv test er lav<a href="%20" title="Schiøtz HA, The value of leucocyte stix results in predicting bacteriuria and urinary tract infection after gynaecological surgery. J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;19: 396-8" data-url="reference-link" data-value="Schiøtz HA, The value of leucocyte stix results in predicting bacteriuria and urinary tract infection after gynaecological surgery. J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;19: 396-8" data-type="journal-reference" data-value-piped="Schiøtz HA|The value of leucocyte stix results in predicting bacteriuria and urinary tract infection after gynaecological surgery| J Obstet Gynaecol|1999|19|396-8">6</a></li>
    <li>Det er vigtigt at sammenholde resultatet med klinikken, samt med andre unders&oslash;gelser af urinen, herunder urindyrkning, en&nbsp;<a href="~/link.aspx?_id=E4ABCD058CF7438DA8300B6F78F719C7&amp;_z=z">stix-unders&oslash;gelse for bakterier (nitrit)</a>&nbsp;eller eventuelt en mikroskopi</li>
</ul>
<h2>Fejlkilder (og kilder til normal variation)</h2>
<ul>
    <li>Falsk positive resultater
    <ul>
        <li>Forurening af urinpr&oslash;ven med vaginalsekret eller menstruationsblod, eller med pus fra bylder etc. i skridtet</li>
        <li>Visse l&aelig;gemidler f.eks. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), penicillin, eller phenazopyridine kan interfere med stiksen og give falsk positive resultater.</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li>Falsk negative resultater
    <ul>
        <li>H&oslash;je koncentrationer af albumin i urinen (over 5 g/L)</li>
        <li>H&oslash;je koncentrationer af askorbinsyre (vitamin C)</li>
        <li>H&oslash;jdosisbehandling med cefalosporiner</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
</ul>
<h2>Biokemisk baggrund</h2>
<ul>
    <li>Se under definition og fejlkilder ovenfor</li>
</ul>
<h2>Pr&oslash;vetagning</h2>
<ul>
    <li>Der b&oslash;r anvendes morgenurin</li>
    <li>Pr&oslash;ven skal tages som en "midtstr&aring;lepr&oslash;ve": Se artiklen om&nbsp;<a href="~/link.aspx?_id=B8894C5BB4A24437B5F03B4D059213F8&amp;_z=z">urinpr&oslash;vetagning</a></li>
    <li>Urinpr&oslash;ven b&oslash;r analyseres indenfor f&aring; timer efter vandladningen</li>
</ul>
<h2>Referenceintervaller</h2>
<ul>
    <li>Ingen p&aring;viselige leukocytter (leucocytesterase)&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h2>NPU-koder og -navne</h2>
<ul>
    <li>NPU03987</li>
</ul>
<h3>Navne</h3>
<ul>
    <li><strong>Langt navn</strong>
    <ul>
        <li>U&mdash;Leukocytter; arb.k.(proc.) = ?&nbsp;</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li><strong>Kort navn</strong>&nbsp;
    <ul>
        <li>Leukocytter(semikvant);U&nbsp;</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
</ul>
<h2>Referencev&aelig;rdi</h2>
<ul>
    <li>Ingen p&aring;viselige leukocytter (leucocytesterase)&nbsp;</li>
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